Conference of the canadian society of petroleum geologists and in dallas in 2004 annual conference of the american association of petroleum geologists. History matching and uncertainty quantification of facies models with multiple geological interpretations. Lecture notes sedimentary geology earth, atmospheric, and. The goal is to reproduce the true geological heterogeneity and to describe the inherent uncertainty. The relatively few models presented appear to accommodate most geological examples, some of which contain major reservoir facies. Models are idealized simplifications set up to aid our understanding of complex natural phenomena and processes. A facies analysis of the rcm was reported by fielding et al. The facies model, therefore, provides the link to the sedimentological depositional model of the res ervoir, which. Geometry of a fluvial channel with main facies types pyrc at al.
Geelb ahof van groenen 21, 1083 jr, amsterdam, the netherlands bdelft university of technology, department of applied earth sciences, p. Sedimentary facies lithofacies a lithofacies is a body of sedimentrock distinguished by a specified combination of characteristics composition, texture, sedimentary structures related to a specific set of physical, biological, and chemical processes. History matching and uncertainty quantification of facies. Fig 2 shows examples of 1d and 2d probability trend models, for a facies property containing three facies codes sand, silt, and shale. The fourfold classification of channel styles discussed in sect. Facies models, however, can guide the mapping campaign. A lithofacies code erected earlier by the wliter is expanded to include mauixsupported gravel. Facies 1 comprises erosionally based, sheetlike, sandstone bodies up to 40 m thick and at least 2200 m wide. Application of the principles and methods presented in this.
These types may also produce mixed deposits, as the one interpreted for the. The amount of sand facies is about 48 % of the gross volume. Sedimentary facies, physical, chemical, and biological aspects of a sedimentary bed and the lateral change within sequences of beds of the same geologic age. Standard facies models to incorporate all heterogeneity. Fig 5 shows three facies models created using a vertical proportion curve as a 1d trend and different settings for the vertical variogram range and the target. Facies and depositional environments for the coquinas of. Facies rock type modeling using inverse static model process from porosity distribution, case from baturaja formation indra yuliandri1, mirayanti mirayanti1, rienno ismail2, jaka radiansyah2, ricky adi wibowo2, medy kurniawan1, and musalam latuconsina1. The evidence used to update the prior probabilities is usually the results of seismic inversions or their derivatives pendrel et al.
The development of endmember facies models for a few distinctive fluvial styles has obscured the continuum that exists between fluvial channel patterns. This article serves as an introduction to the papers dealing with braided river deposits in this volume. In plan view, the mounds form clusters or belts perpendicular to the dip of the sea floor, or they may coalesce to a network of ridges. Note that when the criteria described in the previous paragraph are not satisfi ed, the output facies models fail to. The descriptive characters of facies models are obtained by combining results from studies of both modern systems and ancient successions preserved in the rock record. The various types of platforms change in response to variations in sedimentation, subsidence or sea level rise, and may form distinctive evolutionary sequences. Apr 05, 2015 this feature is not available right now. Even though predictive efficiency of conceptual models depends on the degree of comprehension of the genetic factors controlling depositional profiles and the distribution of facies belts, current models for classification of carbonate platforms are basically descriptive and mainly based on depositional profile, size, and attachment to or. Ramps may be homoclinal or distally steepened, and may have fringing or barrier shoalwater complexes of ooidpellet sands or skeletal banks. Seismic facies are mappable, three dimensional seismic units composed of groups of reflections whose parameters differ from those of adjacent facies units. Subsequently we demonstrate how to transform this model into a reservoir model consisting of. Depositional models, facies zones and standard microfacies. This involves a distillation of the facies and facies successions in a. In medical contexts, a facies is a distinctive facial expression or appearance associated with a specific medical condition.
These sessions, entitled facies models revisited, were intended to capture the state of the art with respect to facies modeling in several key depositional environments. Jan 12, 2002 even though predictive efficiency of conceptual models depends on the degree of comprehension of the genetic factors controlling depositional profiles and the distribution of facies belts, current models for classification of carbonate platforms are basically descriptive and mainly based on depositional profile, size, and attachment to or. Many different models can be constructed to explain a given set of data, depending on which aspect of the facies requires the most illumination and on the types. Over the years, various general models of how certain depositional environments work have been developed. Find 9781897095508 facies models 4 by james et al at over 30 bookstores. What processes are going on at locations a, b, and c that make them distinctively di erent. Based on their developing settings, tidal flats are subdivided into nine types, which are in turn grouped. Five major depositional mechanisms affect carbonate sediments, giving predictable facies sequences. Sedimentary facies are either descriptive or interpretative. A depositional facies model is the essence of the cri teria and controls. They have been extensively used in the interpretation of sedimentary rock facies.
Facies rock type modeling using inverse static model. Nr has worked on methods for making realistic geological facies models for almost two decades. Middle triassic marginal marine siltstone and sandstone facies exposed in southern utah. Pdf classifications, sedimentary features and facies associations. This volume is focused on clastic depositional settings including. Seismic facies analysis is the description and interpretation of seismic reflection parameters, such as configuration, continuity, amplitude, and frequency, within the stratigraphic framework of a depositional sequence. The creation of facies models and their popularity depends on a number of factors.
The efforts made by sedimentologists trying to understand the 3d geometry of facies and their distribution in the reservoir, sometimes are not well used by modelers who base their facies definition on petrophysical cutoffs which normally dont follow sedimentological concepts. For facies analysis, all the layers were identified in the 308 m thick studied section of the aghajari formation fig. Fluvial sedimentology memoir 5, 1977 pages 597604 fluvial facies models lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits. Implications for sandstone petroleum reservoirs handbook of petroleum exploration and production 5 dr. Shanmugam department of earth and environmental sciences the university. Models are 3d, but only 2d sections are shown ti1 ti2 ti3 channel geometry is not perfect. Facies rock type modeling using inverse static model process from porosity distribution, case from baturaja formation indra yuliandri1, mirayanti mirayanti1, rienno ismail2, jaka radiansyah2, ricky adi wibowo2, medy kurniawan1. Root traces include preserved carbonized root structures, calcite or sideritelined rootshaped concretions, and rare drabhaloed traces that give the facies a mottledcolor appearance fig. The geological association of canadas facies models 4 is the essential volume on sedimentary succession interpretation.
The 2d resistivity data are combined in a gis to establish a 31 resistivity model for the upper 5 in of the floodplain. Often, at this early development stage, the type of depositional system deltaic, fluvial, turbidite may be resolved, but the. A quantitative approach to fluvial facies models white rose. Presented in full color, this updated edition of the original, highly popular textbook facies models incorporates the enormous advances in our understanding of depositional environments since the last edition was issued in 1992. This volume is focused on clastic depositional settings including continental aeolian and fluvial, estuarine, shoreface, deltaic, shelf, and deep water. The latter topic is expanded in the case studies described in chap.
This is an updated new edition of the original highly popular textbook facies models, and incorporates the enormous advances in our understanding of depositional environments since the last edition was issued in 1992. Isbn 9781897095508 facies models 4 direct textbook. Correct heterogeneity gives realistic flow patterns and the possibility to obtain unbiased forecasts from. Log or rock physics data are crossplotted in the inversion elastic space and elastic probability density functions. Proximal, medial and distal facies of volcaniclastic successions are commonly used terms, but their usage needs to be evidence based. Nr have developed a series of stochastic models for facies. Carbonate facies models carbonate sedimentology and. Facies models are the abstraction or summary of case examples from preserved modern and ancient successions in specific sedimentary environments miall, 1996.
Each ti has three different sand facies, and the fourth facies represents the shale or nonpay part of the reservoir. Determining facies or rock types provides fundamental geologic information for hydrocarbon exploration and production. Lithostratigraphic unit representing depositional processes and geographic location the apparent existence of order in nature suggest that there are and have been through. Fossil features of the underclay facies include plant fragments i. Nomenclatural assignment was based on particle size, sedimentary structures, and beds geometry miall, 1996, and the sedimentary structures were.
So stochastic simulation is the tool for obtaining realistic heterogeneous geological models and for studying the uncertianty. Some of these are strongly linked to special types of sedimentary deposits while other are more general in nature. Construction of typical facies models and the three dimensional. Finally, these facies models and their petrophysical properties can be. Ill use the term facies for a distinctive kind of sedimentary deposit, which was deposited in a distinctive setting. The grand bahama bank can be divided up into a series of facies. Ideally, a sedimentary facies is a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation, reflecting a particular process or environment. The trend models can be defined in the form of v ertical proportion curves 1d trend, horizontal probability maps 2d trend, or probability volumes 3d trend. Creating probability trend models for facies properties. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get. Shelves definition and a bit of history factors controlling shelf sedimentation s a m a h a be ht todays agenda continental shelves. Various types of carbonate platforms are characterized by distinctive profiles, facies, and evolutionary sequences. This volume is focused on clastic depositional settings including continental aeolian and fluvial.
Other skills goals for this activity students form groups of three to four to compare their work and make modifications to their individual models. Specific example facies models are presented for fluvial environmental types categorized on channel pattern, basin climatic regime and water. The act of modeling a reservoir using knowledge of the facies that make up the reservoir and the depositional environments that the facies represent. Lecture notes sedimentary geology earth, atmospheric. Also, what types of sediments including sedimentary structures, textures, compositions, fossils, etc. Facies models 4 is the essential volume on sedimentary succession interpretation, and is presented in full colour. Previous studies in the past decade have adopted machine learning models to classify facies from well logs without considering stacking patterns of facies, which causes inaccurate predictions. The depositional characteristics will suggest rules concerning the geometries of the facies and the possible relationships between facies, especially where the facies have been related to each other within a stratigraphic sequence or a cyclothem. Fig 5 shows three facies models created using a vertical proportion curve as a 1d trend and different settings for the vertical variogram range and the target fraction honoring value. Jul 22, 2019 19 facies analysis, facies associations, facies sequences, and facies models facies models are a general summary of a given depositional environment or depositional system.
Resistivity values correlate well with grain size and are categorized into finegrained pdf 2. Previous studies in the past decade have adopted machine learning models to classify facies from well logs without considering stacking patterns of. Facies models revisited geoscienceworld books geoscienceworld. From one single location, the position of the relevant source cannot be clearly established, especially if the mapping terrain is an older volcanic region. In this study, six facies are described and a facies model of the coquinas of morro. Click download or read online button to get seismic stratigraphy and depositional facies models book now. The primary purpose of facies models is to provide a general summary of a specific sedimentary environment walker 1984, in terms of its characteristic sedimentary features. Chapter 14 introduces carbonate facies models, underlines the importance of environmentcontrolled distribution patterns of organisms, and gives an overview of standard microfacies types and their application to the facies analysis of limestones. Box 5028, nl2600ga delft, the netherlands received 14 may 2003. Sedimentary rocks can be formed only where sediments are deposited long enough to become compacted and cemented into hard beds or strata. The patterns differ from a tfactory ramp by the occurrence of mudmounds on the shelf.
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